Gelegar kemerdekaan baru saja kita nikmati. Perayaan dimana-mana sungguh menyiratkan sebuah bangsa dan sedang bergembira dan berbahagia menikmati arti kemerdekaan. Pun kemerdekaan juga mempunyai arti yang berbeda bagi setiap orang. Sungguh sayang, ternyata kemerdekaan tidak berarti merdeka dari kelangkaan barang kebutuhan pokok seperti minyak tanah dan minyak goreng akhir-akhir ini.
Sudah 2 hari ini minyak tanah menghilang dari pasaran, termasuk dari lingkungan tempat saya tinggal. Alhasil dari segelintir kios yang masih menyediakan minyak tanah, harganya sudah melambung Rp 5 ribu dari harga normal hanya Rp 2.600,- (harga naik 100%!!). Dalam banyak pemberitaan, kelangkaan ini terkait dengan program konversi BBM ke gas.
Saya tidak berpretensi mengatakan konversi minyak tanah ke gas itu buruk. Akan tetapi jika menganggap kesuksesan program ini hanya diukur dengan jumlah tabung gas yang diserap oleh pasar, itu adalah satu kesalahan. Dalam ekonomi, barang subsititusi adalah barang yang saling menggantikan karena utilitas yang diperoleh kurang lebih sama, seperti halnya minyak tanah dan gas. Yang terjadi ketika minyak tanah langka adalah orang mencari sumber energi alternatif seperti kayu bakar, tenaga matahari, briket batubara, gas LPG. Kayu bakar untuk konteks Jakarta sudah sulit diketemukan; apalagi tenaga matahari membutuhkan transfer teknologi tinggi; briket ketersediaannya masih dipertanyakan; termasuk pula gas LPG yang dalam program konversi ini disediakan dalam ukuran yang lebih kecil yaitu 3kg.
Selain persoalan distribusi dan ketersediaan infrastruktur pendukung program konversi gas, daya beli masyarakat khususnya menengah ke bawah harus menjadi perhatian. Salah satu alasan menggunakan minyak tanah adalah bisa membeli sampai eceran terkecil walaupun dari sisi harga ditanggung lebih tinggi. Saat ini gas yang tersedia hanya tabung 15kg dan baru-baru ini saja ada tabung ukuran 3kg, apa mungkin kita membeli gas 1kg saja? Ini problem lain dari sisi produksi dan biaya investasinya.
Pada masyarakat yang berada pada level transisi, pemilihan minyak tanah atau gas mereka cenderung indiferen. Artinya jika mereka saat ini masih setia dengan minyak tanah setiap saat mereka bisa melakukan konversi ke gas, dan masalah biaya konversi bukan lagi soal. Dalam program konversi sesungguhnya merekalah yang layak jadi target karena pada kelas masyarakat ini subsidi minyak sudah jelas salah sasaran.
Untuk konversi gas, saya melihat masih ada cara lain seperti pipanisasi gas ke lingkungan perumahan (Yang saya tahu sudah ada di lokasi tertentu di Bogor dan Surabaya). Secara finansial, konsumsi gas akhirnya memang jauh lebih murah dan untuk investor, target konsumen yang cukup besar akan menurunkan biaya produksi per unitnya. Dari sisi feasibility, langkah ini lebih baik dan mencakup area yang lebih luas serta cocok juga untuk masyarakat menengah ke bawah. Bandingkan dengan pemakaian tabung gas yang (1) mahal; (2) tersedia ukuran tertentu saja; (3) tentu saja hanya menguntungkan pabrik pembuat tabung.
baca juga beberapa alasan kenapa saya (belum) memakai gas.
Showing posts with label signalling. Show all posts
Showing posts with label signalling. Show all posts
Sunday, August 19, 2007
Thursday, April 12, 2007
Signaling
Modifying this story, what kind of signal do you think a person wearing below shirt would send?
1. I am rubbish. I was rejected by UI, ITB, UGM and IPB
2. ...
3. ...
Anyone?
1. I am rubbish. I was rejected by UI, ITB, UGM and IPB2. ...
3. ...
Anyone?
Tuesday, June 20, 2006
Which one should we sell? Culture or education?
by Berly
The Jakarta Post yesterday put out two interesting article that can be analyzed together.
The first is how finally Jakarta’s official start to get serious about cultural tourism and preserve the architectural heritage in Kota while at the same time makes it more convenient for tourist-wannabe to wander around. With train and Busway station nearby, it will reduce the need to drive through the legendary traffic jam of that area.
The second elaborated how the special admission route, in the past used to intended for smart students from remote areas of Indonesia, becoming more and more expensive. Want to study medical at Unpad? Just prepare Rp 150 million and you are can start cutting the corpses. But if fisheries are your pond (no punt intended) then Rp 7.5 million is sufficient. The ITB blue jacket with Ganesha symbol will set you back Rp 45 million. You still need to pass the special entrance exam though.
Let’s talk about the supply side. If the Kota area has been restored (a big if) then many people can enjoy the scenery and atmosphere at the same time without reducing other’s people enjoyment (hooligans and “ngamen”/begger aside). It will take a large number to reach overcrowding, but at special events/festivals (with ancient costume if possible) it is the crowd that draw more crowds.
But University seats are different. Assuming (as economist used to) the same number of lecturers, classes and faculty’s social facilities, then it will lead to decreasing rate of educational quality due to larger class less individual attention from lecturers.
There is also problem of noisy signal. Ever complain that what you study in (top) university did not really prepare you for work? Michel Spence has the answer and he got a Nobel Prize in Economics for it. it's not really matter what you study as long as mastering it signal your inner quality that will make you a productive worker once the company hired you. Graduating from top university used to be such signal in the past. There is possibility that companies (and society) will take a more careful look at Indonesian top universities alumni in the future.
The first case usually categorized as public goods and the second as private goods in economics. Restoring the architectural heritage increase enjoyment of people (local and tourists) but none of the individual building owners will take the step and finance it since they will get only very small part of the benefit. On the other side, the parents are willing to pay large amount since the expected benefit of university degree (I did not say education) will be felt mostly by their child.
Read more on tertiary educational financing in the analytical series by AP here, here and here. By the way, the article did not mention University of Indonesia. Anyone know what happened there?
The Jakarta Post yesterday put out two interesting article that can be analyzed together.
The first is how finally Jakarta’s official start to get serious about cultural tourism and preserve the architectural heritage in Kota while at the same time makes it more convenient for tourist-wannabe to wander around. With train and Busway station nearby, it will reduce the need to drive through the legendary traffic jam of that area.
The second elaborated how the special admission route, in the past used to intended for smart students from remote areas of Indonesia, becoming more and more expensive. Want to study medical at Unpad? Just prepare Rp 150 million and you are can start cutting the corpses. But if fisheries are your pond (no punt intended) then Rp 7.5 million is sufficient. The ITB blue jacket with Ganesha symbol will set you back Rp 45 million. You still need to pass the special entrance exam though.
Let’s talk about the supply side. If the Kota area has been restored (a big if) then many people can enjoy the scenery and atmosphere at the same time without reducing other’s people enjoyment (hooligans and “ngamen”/begger aside). It will take a large number to reach overcrowding, but at special events/festivals (with ancient costume if possible) it is the crowd that draw more crowds.
But University seats are different. Assuming (as economist used to) the same number of lecturers, classes and faculty’s social facilities, then it will lead to decreasing rate of educational quality due to larger class less individual attention from lecturers.
There is also problem of noisy signal. Ever complain that what you study in (top) university did not really prepare you for work? Michel Spence has the answer and he got a Nobel Prize in Economics for it. it's not really matter what you study as long as mastering it signal your inner quality that will make you a productive worker once the company hired you. Graduating from top university used to be such signal in the past. There is possibility that companies (and society) will take a more careful look at Indonesian top universities alumni in the future.
The first case usually categorized as public goods and the second as private goods in economics. Restoring the architectural heritage increase enjoyment of people (local and tourists) but none of the individual building owners will take the step and finance it since they will get only very small part of the benefit. On the other side, the parents are willing to pay large amount since the expected benefit of university degree (I did not say education) will be felt mostly by their child.
Read more on tertiary educational financing in the analytical series by AP here, here and here. By the way, the article did not mention University of Indonesia. Anyone know what happened there?
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)
